C. State Layer Technical Solution

1）Efficient Compatible Execution Environment: Choosing the correct execution environment is crucial for blockchain performance. Vorn Network adopts WebAssembly (WASM) as the native smart contract execution environment, based on its comprehensive advantages in performance, security, and ecosystem compatibility:

High-performance execution: WASM supports just-in-time compilation or pre-compilation to native machine code, eliminating interpreter overhead. Benchmark tests show WASM execution speed approaches native code performance

Strong security sandbox: WASM provides strict memory safety isolation environment, preventing buffer overflows through linear memory model and bounds checking, ensuring contract execution doesn’t affect host system security

Rich language ecosystem: Supports multiple modern programming languages including Rust,C++, Go, and AssemblyScript, allowing developers to use familiar toolchains and mature standard libraries, significantly lowering smart contract development barriers

To ensure seamless compatibility with the existing Ethereum ecosystem, we provide a complete
Solidity transpilation toolchain:

Frontend compilation: Use standard solc compiler to compile Solidity source code to Yul intermediate representation, preserving complete semantic information

Intermediate conversion: Convert Yul to LLVM IR through customized LLVM frontend, implementing conversion from stack machine model to register machine model

Optimization processing: Execute a series of optimizations at the LLVM IR level, including:

Fine-grained read-write set identification, providing dependency information for parallel execution

Dead code elimination and constant folding, reducing unnecessary computation

Loop optimization and function inlining, improving execution efficiency

Target generation: Generate optimized WebAssembly bytecode using LLVM’s WASM backend,ensuring execution efficiency while maintaining semantic equivalence with original Solidity code

2)Transaction Pipeline Processing: Traditional blockchains adopt serial processing mode—waiting for one block to be completely processed before starting the next. This design is simple but inefficient. Vorn Network splits transaction processing into six parallelizable stages, building an efficient processing pipeline:

Transaction ordering: Sort transactions in the mempool based on gas price, priority, and dependencies, generating candidate transaction lists

Parallel scheduling and execution: Analyze inter-transaction dependencies, assign non-conflicting transactions to different execution groups for parallel processing

Sequential execution: Process transactions with dependencies, ensuring state consistency

Generate Verkle tree: Update state tree based on execution results, calculate new state root

State consensus: Validators reach consensus on new state, confirming validity of state transitions

Finalize state: Persist confirmed state to database, update global state

By decomposing the processing into six stages, the system can simultaneously process different stages of multiple blocks. For example, when block N is undergoing state consensus, block N+1 can undergo parallel execution, and block N+2 can undergo transaction ordering. This design amortizes single block processing latency across six block time periods, multiplying throughput without increasing single-pass latency.

3)Optimistic Parallel Execution Mechanism: Parallel execution is key to improving blockchain performance, but state dependencies between transactions are the main challenge. Vorn Network adopts an optimistic parallel scheduling mechanism based on pre-computed read-write sets, maximizing parallelism while ensuring correctness:

Static analysis: When transactions enter the mempool, predict their likely accessed storage key sets through static analysis and historical pattern recognition. For simple transfers, read-write sets are deterministic; for complex contract calls, use probabilistic models for prediction

Conflict detection: The scheduler maintains a global read-write set index. When new transactions arrive, check the intersection of their predicted read-write sets with existing execution groups

Dynamic grouping:
– No conflict: Dispatch transaction to the least loaded execution group
– Read conflict: Can execute in parallel, but need to ensure read order
– Write conflict: Create new execution group or join wait queue for sequential execution

Optimistic validation: After transaction execution, verify if actual read sets match predictions. If conflicts are discovered due to prediction errors, re-execute affected transactions sequentially

This mechanism achieves maximum parallelism in conflict-free scenarios, maintaining performance through limited re-execution when conflicts occur.